Electrical cable having a surface with a reduced coefficient of friction

ABSTRACT

Disclosed is a cable having reduced surface coefficient of friction, and the method of manufacture thereof, in which the central conductor core is surrounded by a sheath in which at least the outer portion is of non-metallic, polymeric material. A pulling lubricant is incorporated by alternate methods with the material from which the outer sheath portion is constructed and is effective to reduce the required pulling force on the cable during installation. Specific compositions are disclosed for cables of the NM and THHN type.

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION

This application is a continuation in part of application Ser. No. 11/120,487, filed May 3, 2005, which is a continuation in part of application Ser. No. 10/952,294, filed Sep. 28, 2004, both of which are incorporated by reference.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to cables, particularly electrical cables, and more particularly to methods for reducing the surface coefficient of friction thereof, and even more specifically to preferred pulling lubricant compositions for effecting such reductions.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Electrical cables include a conductor core and typically include an outer jacket or sheath. The term “sheath,” as used herein and throughout the specification and claims, is defined to mean the outer protective jacket or covering surrounding a conductor core, whether of a single type material or multiple layers of the same or different material. The conductor core may typically be, for example, a single metal wire, multiple small wires twisted together to make a “stranded” cable, or multiple insulated wires or other type electrical conductors acting together to serve a particular function (e.g., three-phase connection). The sheath typically comprises polymeric material to electrically insulate the conductor core, and often includes one or more additional layers of polymeric or other material to provide additional physical, mechanical and/or chemical protection for the underlying cable components. For the purpose of the present invention, the exterior portion of the sheath is preferably of a non-metallic, polymeric material. Examples of cable types produced by Southwire Company, the assignee of the present application, include: Type THHN (single solid or stranded conductor surrounded by a sheath comprising a layer of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) electrical insulation covered by an outer layer of nylon); Type XHHW (single solid or stranded conductor covered by crosslinked polyethylene or rubber insulation material providing both electrical and physical protection); Type MC (multiple THHN or XHHW conductors covered by an interlocked or welded metal sheath with or without an overlying layer of polymeric material); Type NM (multiple THHN conductors

Installation of electrical cable often requires that it be pulled through tight spaces or small openings in, and in engagement with, narrow conduits, raceways, cabletrays, or passageways in rafters or joists. This becomes problematic since the exterior surface of the cable sheath normally has a high coefficient of friction, therefore requiring a large pulling force. Moreover, installation parameters include maximum allowable cable pulling tension and/or sidewall pressure limits. Exceeding these limits can result in degradation of the cable, physical damage and inferior installation.

To overcome this problem, current general industry practice is to coat the exterior surface of the cable sheath with a pulling lubricant at the job site in order to reduce the coefficient of friction between this surface and the conduit walls or like surfaces, typically using vaselines or lubricants produced specifically, and well known in the industry, for such purpose, such as Yellow 77® (hereinafter, “Y 77”). The term “pulling lubricant,” as used herein and throughout the specification and claims, is defined to mean lubricating material which effectively reduces the coefficient of friction of the exterior surface of the sheath of the cable, thereby to facilitate the pulling of the cable.

The aforementioned industry practice of applying a pulling lubricant to the finished cable at the job site poses problems, principally due to the additional time, expense and manpower required to lubricate the finished cable surface at the job site as well as to clean up after the lubricating process is completed. Alternative solutions have been tried but are generally unsuccessful, including the extrusion of a lubricant layer over the extruded polymeric layer during the manufacturing of the cable, or the application of granules of material to the still-hot sheath during the extrusion process, which granules are designed to become detached when the cable is pulled through the duct. However, these solutions not only require major alterations of the manufacturing line, but result in a loss in manufacturing time, increased economic costs, and undesirable fluctuations in the geometrical dimensions of the cable sheaths.

It is also critical to the present invention to understand the difference between pulling lubricants and processing lubricants. Cable manufacturers have long used processing lubricants, such as stearic acid or ethylene bis-stearamide wax, as a minor component of the polymeric from which the cable sheath is formed. The term “processing lubricant,” as used herein and throughout the specification and claims, is defined to mean a lubricating material that is used to facilitate the flow of polymer chains during its initial compounding as well as during the extrusion processes while the polymer is in its molten or melt phase. Because a processing lubricant is not effective except when the polymer is in this melt phase, the effect of a processing lubricant is essentially non-existent in the final hardened polymer sheath of the cable. Thus, because of the inherent nature of these processing lubricants, they cannot serve as pulling lubricants. Even where there may be an excessive amount of the processing lubricant, a pulling lubricant would still be required to reduce the cable sheath exterior surface coefficient of friction in order to minimize the pulling force necessary to install the cable.

Accordingly, there has been a long-felt need for an effective method of providing a pulling lubricant at the exterior surface of the finished cable which is effective to reduce the cable surface coefficient of friction and minimize the required installation pulling force, without incurring the inconvenience and time-consuming operation and expense associated with the application of the pulling lubricant at the installation site, nor significantly increasing the complexity and cost of the manufacturing process, nor undesirably altering the geometrical characteristics of the cable sheaths.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The process of the present invention accomplishes these objectives by a cable manufacturing process in which a pulling lubricant is introduced into the manufacturing process at a stage of manufacture and of a weight percentage or quantity which result in the pulling lubricant being present in the outer sheath at the completion of the cable manufacture so that it is available to reduce the coefficient of friction of the exterior sheath surface when the cable is to be installed. Depending upon the material of the sheath and the type of lubricant, this may be as a consequence of the migration, or delayed migration or “blooming,” of the pulling lubricant to the sheath surface, or due to the permeation of the pulling lubricant throughout the sheath resulting in the continuous production of the required lubrication at the surface when the cable engages the duct or conduit surface due to a “sponge effect,” in which the pulling lubricant is, in effect, squeezed to the surface. Under any of these circumstances, the pulling lubricant is effective to lower the surface coefficient of friction below that of the inherent coefficient of friction of the material from which the outer layer of the sheath is formed, thereby minimizing the required installation pulling force.

In accordance with alternative aspects of the process of the invention, and as described below in greater detail, the pulling lubricant may be selectively chosen to provide the optimum results with respect to the particular sheath material, and be introduced into the cable manufacturing process at various stages, ranging from the initial compounding of the lubricant with the polymer material from which the sheath is to be formed, to mixing the lubricant with the sheath material before introduction of the mixture into the extrusion process, to its introduction into the sheath extrusion process while the sheath forming material is in its molten state.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

These and other details and aspects of the invention, as well as the advantages thereof, will be more readily understood and appreciated by those skilled in the art from the following detailed description, taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, in which:

FIG. 1 is a diagrammatic representation of typical equipment used in the manufacture of cable in accordance with the present invention;

FIG. 2 is a graphical representation of test data comparing the effect of different pulling lubricants in small size THHN cable in which the outer sheath material is nylon;

FIG. 3 is a graphical representation of test data comparing both the effects of different pulling lubricants and different percentages of pulling lubricant in large size THHN cable in which the outer sheath material is nylon;

FIG. 4 is a graphical representation of test data comparing the effect of the incorporation of a pulling lubricant on the resulting required cable pulling force on an NM cable, in which the outer sheath is of extruded PVC material, compared to the pulling force required of comparable NM cables of different manufacturers without such pulling lubricant;

FIGS. 5-7 and 10 are representations of test devices used to create the aforementioned test data;

FIGS. 8 and 9 are graphical representations of the lack of effect of processing lubricants in lowering required cable pulling forces; and

FIG. 11 is a section view of a THHN cable produced in accordance with the process of the present invention.

DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS OF THE INVENTION

Referring initially to FIG. 1, there is depicted typical equipment 11 for manufacturing electrical cable 12 in accordance with a process of the present invention. In this example, the outer sheath of the cable is of extruded PVC material. The equipment 11 may include a reel 13 which supplies conductor wire 14 to an extruding head 15. In flow communication with the extrusion head is a tank 16 of PVC pellets 17. These pellets have preferably been pre-compounded with a processing lubricant. A tank 18 with the desired pulling lubricant 19 is adapted to be in flow communication with the tank 16 by way of conduit 22, thus enabling the mixing of the pulling lubricant with the PVC pellets 17, the mixture thereafter introduced into the extruder. Alternatively, the tank may be adapted to be in fluid communication with the extruder or extrusion head 15, by way of conduit 23, downstream from the point of entry of the PVC pellets 17, thus allowing the pulling lubricant to mix with the PVC pellets when in their molten state in the extruder or extruder head. A cooling box 20 for cooling the extruded product is provided, and a reel 21 is positioned for taking up the resulting cable assembly 12. When the final cable construction is such that there are multiple layers of sheath material, the pulling lubricant should be incorporated into the outermost layer.

As is therefore evident, the pulling lubricant can be mixed with the material from which the outer sheath is to be formed prior to extrusion or, alternatively, introduced into the extruding head for subsequent mixing with the molten extrusion material as the sheath is being formed. In instances where the sheath has a high melting or softening temperature, or for other reasons, such as processability or efficiency of the process, the latter alternative may be preferred. As a further alternative, the pulling lubricant can be compounded with the plastic material in the pellets themselves in a process upstream of that depicted in FIG. 1, thus eliminating the need for tank 16 and conduits 22 and 23.

Plastic materials that can be used for an insulating sheath of the NM cable produced in accordance with the present invention include polyethylene, polypropylene, polyvinylchloride, organic polymeric thermosetting and thernoplastic resins and elastomers, polyolefins, copolymers, vinyls, olefin-vinyl copolymers, polyamides, acrylics, polyesters, fluorocarbons, and the like.

Advantageously, the pulling lubricant is selected from the group consisting essentially of fatty acid amides, hydrocarbon and hydrocarbon-like oils, fluorinated organic resins, and mixtures thereof. Advantageous fatty acid amides for use as a pulling lubricant include erucamide, oleamide, oleyl palmitamide, stearamide, behenamide, ethylene bisstearamide, ethylene bisoleamide, stearyl erucamide, erucyl stearamide, and the like. Advantageous hydrocarbon oils and hydrocarbon-like oils, referred to collectively as hydrocarbon oils, that may be used in the present invention include mineral oil, silicone oil, and the like. Other materials which may be suitable for pulling lubricants include dibasic esters, silicones, amines, ethanolamides, mono- and di-glyceride fatty amines, ethoxylated fatty amines, fatty acids, fatty acid esters, and the like. These materials may be used alone or in combination with one another.

The efficacy of the incorporation of pulling lubricants, and specifically an optimum range for the quantity of such lubricants, in accordance with the invention, has been proven by the use of various tests. Prior to discussing the results of such tests, the test methods and equipment are first described as follows:

Testing Methods

Joist Pull Test

To measure the effects of the jacket-incorporated pulling lubricant of the present invention on the ease of installation, and with reference now to FIG. 5, variations of a UL (Underwriters Laboratories, Inc.) joist pull test of the type outlined in UL 719 Section 23 were utilized. This test is typically used to establish the integrity of the outer PVC jacket of Type NM cables when subjected to pulling through angled holes drilled through wood blocks.

The test apparatus consists of an arrangement of 2″×4″ wood blocks having holes drilled at a 15° angle drilled through the broad face. Four of these blocks are then secured into a frame so that the centerlines of the holes are offset 10″ to create tension in the specimen through the blocks. In the UL test, a coil of NM cable is placed into a cold-box and is conditioned at −20° C. for 24 hours. A section of the cable is fed through the holes in the blocks where the end protruding out of the last block is pulled through at 45° angle to the horizontal. The cable is then cut off and two other specimens are pulled through from the coil in the cold-box. Specimens that do not exhibit torn or broken jackets and maintain conductor spacing as set fort in the UL protocol are said to comply, or pass the test.

Pulling wire through the wood blocks also provides correlation of the amount of force required to pull a cable during the installation. To test Type NM cable (in which the outer sheath is of PVC material), the UL test was modified to allow for quantification of the pulling force necessary to move cable through the test apparatus under common installation conditions. Specifically, a variable-speed device was introduced to pull the cable specimen through the blocks. An electro-mechanical scale (load cell) was installed between the specimen and the pulling device to provide a readout of the amount of force applied to the specimen. A computer interface with the load cell allowed for continuous logging of these values. This force correlates directly to the coefficient of friction of the cable during installation, and thus to the ease (or difficulty) of installation. To create back tension a mass of known weight (5-lbs) was tied to the end of the specimen. In a further modification of the standard UL test, test specimens were tested at room temperature to better simulate actual installation conditions.

A 12-V constant speed winch having a steel cable and turning sheave was employed. The turning sheave maintained a 45° pulling angle and provided half-speed to slow the rate of the pulling so that more data points could be obtained. Holes were drilled in rafters whereby specimens could be pulled by the winch.

Rafter Pull Test

Referring now to FIG. 6, in a further modification to the UL Joist Test designed to resemble more closely real-life installation conditions, the Rafter Test was developed. In this test, a constant-speed cable puller (tugger) is used to draw cable across a series of 2″×4″ wooden rafters spaced eight inches apart, with the pathway of the cable going “over-and-under” successive rafters. A tension/compression load cell is attached in-line with the tugger rope, between the rope and the cable itself, to monitor the tension required to pull the cable through the rafters. This load cell feeds data in real time to a computer, which logs the tension at a rate of 10 data points per second. All of the data points collected during a pull are averaged and that average is reported as the single-pull pulling force. A minimum of three pulls are made per cable and the results are averaged to get an average pulling force for the cable. Higher pulling force indicates higher coefficient of friction and more difficult installation.

Coefficient of Friction Test

Referring now to FIG. 7, diagrammatically illustrated is the apparatus for a coefficient of friction test. The coefficient of friction test apparatus was developed to give a consistent way to determine the input values necessary to use the industry-standard program published by PolyWater Corporation to calculate a real-world coefficient of friction for a given cable being pulled in conduit. Given the inputs for the conduit setup, the back tension on the wire, and the pulling tension on the pulling rope, this program back-calculated a coefficient of friction for the cable by subtracting the back tension from the pulling tension and attributing the remaining tension on the rope to frictional forces between the cable and the conduit.

The overall setup used a pulling rope threaded through ˜40′ of PVC conduit (appropriately sized for the cable being pulled) with two 900 bends. Three 100′ pieces of cable were cut and laid out parallel to one another in line with the first straight section of conduit, and the rope connected to them using industry-standard practice. The other end of the cable was attached to a metal cable which was wrapped around a cylinder with an air brake to allow the application of constant back tension on the setup.

The cable was threaded through a load cell so that back tension could be monitored in real-time, and continuously logged. The pulling rope was similarly threaded through a load cell and constantly monitored and logged. Values for both back tension and pulling tension were logged for the entire time it took to pull the 100′ of cable through the conduit run. These values were then averaged and used in the PolyWater program to calculate coefficient of friction.

Small Scale Pull Test

Initial tests of Type THHN wire were performed using the small-scale tension tester shown in FIG. 10. In this test, multiple individual 12-gauge wires were provided on the payoff and attached to a metal pulling tape that was threaded through an arrangement of ½″ conduit that included about 50 feet of straight conduit and four 90° bends. A pulling rope was attached to the other end of the pulling tape and a tugger was used to pull the cable arrangement through the conduit. The rope was threaded through a pulley arrangement that used a load cell to monitor rope tension while the wire was pulled through the conduit. This tension was continuously logged and averaged to give an average pulling force for the pull. This force correlated directly to the coefficient of friction for the cable.

Using the data obtained from the small scale pull test of FIG. 10, FIG. 2 illustrates a comparison of the different required pulling forces for a small gauge cable consisting of multiple American Wire Gauge (AWG) size 12 THHN conductors. The test subjects had 0.25-0.85% of two different potential pulling lubricants, erucamide and stearyl erucamide, mixed into the outer nylon sheath. Results of the test are shown in FIG. 2 and compared to the results for the standard THHN product without any pulling lubricant and with the externally applied industry-standard Y77.

Using the coefficient of friction test of FIG. 7, FIG. 3 illustrates the surface coefficient of friction of the exterior surface of the sheath, for cables consisting of three individual AWG 4/0 THHN conductors, each conductor having a nylon exterior sheath coating, said nylon sheath coating containing a specified amount of the designated trial pulling lubricant. The two lubricants compared in FIG. 3 are a high-molecular weight silicone (HMW Si) and a low-molecular weight silicone (LMW Si). Comparison results are shown for this same cable arrangement using standard THHN product lubricated with industry-standard Y77, as well as with three other trial pulling lubricants. The results in FIG. 3 illustrate that, while many pulling lubricants can reduce the coefficient of friction of the exterior surface of the cable, the preferred pulling lubricant for large-size THHN cable is silicone oils added at a level of approximately 9%, by weight, or higher.

Using the data obtained from the rafter test of FIG. 6, FIG. 4 shows a comparison of the required pulling force for NM type cables, with such cable sheath's incorporation of 0.85% by weight of the pulling lubricant, oleamide, in accordance with the process of the present invention, substantially outperforming commercially available NM type cables of a number of different manufacturers A-E without such lubricant.

Using the data obtained from the modified joist pull test of FIG. 5, Table 1 below compares the effect on required pulling force when the exemplary pulling lubricants oleamide, erucamide, and stearyl erucamide, are incorporated, compared with the inclusion of traditional processing lubricants, stearic acid (SA) and ethylene bi-stearamide wax (EBS). Table 2 shows the effect on required pulling force with added amounts of these processing lubricants. It can be seen from the data that increasing the amount of the processing lubricant, specifically stearic acid, from 0.2% to 0.8%, actually causes an increase in the force required to pull the cable. The data in Tables 1 and 2 are presented graphically in FIGS. 8 and 9. TABLE 1 Comparison of Pulling Lubricants with Processing Lubricants Joist Pull Test Results Average pull force Sample Additive Percentage (lbs) 1 None 66.0 2 Oleamide 0.75 38.0 3 Erucamide 0.75 41.9 4 Stearyl 0.75 54.0 Erucamide 5 SA 0.75 62.7 6 EBS 0.75 75.6

TABLE 2 Effect of increasing processing lubricant levels: Joist Pull Test Results Average pull force Sample Additive Percentage (lbs) 1 none 84.2 2 Oleamide/SA 1.0/0.2 57.2 3 Oleamide/SA 1.0/0.4 55.5 4 Oleamide/SA 1.0/0.6 67.8 5 Oleamide/SA 1.0/0.8 69.9

In accordance with a unique feature of the process of the present invention, the pulling lubricant that is incorporated in the exterior portion of the sheath is present at the outer surface of the sheath when the cable engages, or in response to the cable's engagement with, the duct or other structure through which the cable is to be pulled. Where the pulling lubricant is, for example, any of the fatty acid amides, and the material of the outer sheath is PVC or polyethylene, the pulling lubricant migrates to the surface by “blooming”. On the other hand, when the pulling lubricant is, for example, a hydrocarbon oil such as silicone oil, and the outer sheath portion is of nylon, the lubricant permeates the entire nylon sheath portion and is, in effect, continuously squeezed to the sheath surface in what is referred to herein as the “sponge effect,” when the cable is pulled through the duct.

PVC Compounding with Pulling Lubricant

As previously described, and in accordance with the process of the invention, the pulling lubricant may be incorporated into the sheath (or the outer layer of the cable sheath if the sheath is of multiple layers) by initially compounding the lubricant with the (outer) sheath material. Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) is a polymeric resin that is typically used to create the outer (or only) layer of the NM cable sheath. During its compounding, additives are conventionally incorporated into the PVC material to enhance the ultimate product's properties and/or to reduce costs. For example, the compounding of this material often involves absorbing any of a number of oil-based plasticizers into the raw PVC powder, mixing in a heat-stabilizer (commonly lead-based), adding fillers and other additives as desired, masticating the blend under heat in a high-shear process to get a homogeneous mixture, and extruding the mixture in strands that are subsequently chopped into pellets for subsequent use in the NM cable manufacture extrusion process. Of particular note is that among these “other additives” is an internal processing lubricant, most commonly stearic acid, used during the pellet formation to facilitate the homogeneous mixing process and later as an aid to the extrusion process itself. This component has long been a part of PVC processing and for the reasons already stated, does not aid in, but can actually detract from, the lowering of the finished sheath's surface coefficient of friction.

To prepare the lubricated PVC blend of the present invention, the PVC resin and additional components, including the pulling lubricant, are fed into any one of a number of commonly used compounding machines, such as a twin-screw compounding extruder, Buss kneader, Banbury mixer, two-roll mill, or other heated shear-type mixer. The melted, homogeneous blend is then extruded into strands or cut into strips that may be subsequently chopped into easily handled pellets.

Two examples of PVC formulation are shown below. Formula I demonstrates a typical formulation that does not include the pulling lubricant of the present invention, while Formula II does include such a pulling lubricant. In both cases the components are compounded as described above, including incorporating the processing lubricant.

Formula I

-   PVC resin—41.88% -   Phthalate/Hydrocarbon plasticizer blend—27.72% -   Calcium Carbonate (filler)—29.00% -   Basic Lead Sulfate (heat stabilizer)—1.20% -   Stearic Acid (processing lubricant)—0.20%     Formula II -   PVC resin—41.52% -   Phthalate/Hydrocarbon plasticizer blend—27.48% -   Calcium Carbonate (filler)—28.75% -   Basic Lead Sulfate cheat stabilizer)—1.20% -   Stearic Acid (processing lubricant)—0.20% -   Oleamide (pulling lubricant additive)—0.85%

In the case of Formula I, after completion of the cable manufacturing process, there was no reduction of the surface coefficient of friction of the extruded PVC sheath, while in the case of Formula II, significant reduction occurred.

Another beneficial property of Type NM cable produced in accordance with the process of the present invention is an increased resistance to “burn-through.” “Burn-through,” or “pull-by,” results from friction generated by pulling one cable over another during installation, causing deterioration and eventual destruction to its own jacket as well as the jacket of the other cable.

A further benefit of the process of the present invention was the reduction of jacket rippling. Jacket rippling results from the friction of the jacket against building materials, causing the jacket material to stretch and bunch, resulting in jacket damage.

THHN (and Related) Cable

THHN, THWN-2 and MTW are types of insulated electrical conductors that cover a broad range of wire sizes and applications. THHN or THWN-2 conductors are typically 600 volt copper conductors with a sheath comprising an outer layer of nylon surrounding a layer of thermoplastic insulation and are heat, moisture, oil, and gasoline resistant. AWG conductor sizes (i.e., gauge) usually range from 14 through 6. THHN cable is primarily used in conduit and cable trays for services, feeders, and branch circuits in commercial or industrial applications as specified in the National Electrical Code and is suitable for use in dry locations at temperatures not to exceed 90° C. Type THWN-2 is suitable for use in wet or dry locations at temperatures not to exceed 90° C. or not to exceed 75° C. when exposed to oil or coolant. Type MTW is suitable for use in wet locations or when exposed to oil or coolant at temperatures not to exceed 60° C. or dry locations at temperatures not to exceed 90° C. Type THHN, THWN-2, and MTW conductors are usually annealed (soft) copper, insulated with a tough, heat and moisture resistant polyvinylchloride (PVC), over which a polyamide layer, preferably nylon, is typically applied. Many cables, including those addressed by the present invention, can be “multi-rated,” simultaneously qualifying for rating as THHN, THWN-2 and MTW.

Referring now to FIG. 11, there is illustrated a THHN cable 20 constructed in accordance with the process of the invention. The cable is characterized by a sheath comprising an extruded layer 21 of PVC insulation material and an overlying extruded thin layer 22 of nylon, the sheath surrounding a central electric conductor 23 which is usually, though not exclusively, of copper. Incorporated into the outer nylon layer is the pulling lubricant which preferably is a high viscosity silicone fluid, or may also be of erucamide or stearyl erucamide. The only limitation on the type of pulling lubricant is that it be sufficiently compatible with nylon to be co-processed with it, and particularly when compounded with nylon, that it be robust enough to withstand the high processing temperature for nylon, which is typically about 500° F.

Two industry-standard processes are used to produce this product, the so called co-extrusion method and the tandem extrusion method. In both processes, the conductor, either solid or stranded, is first introduced into the extrusion head where the heated, melted PVC insulation compound is introduced and applied to the circumference of the conductor. In the co-extrusion process, the melted nylon compound is introduced into the same extrusion head and applied together with the PVC to the conductor, in a two-layer orientation. In the tandem process the PVC-coated conductor leaves the first extrusion head and is introduced into a second, separate extrusion head where the melted nylon is applied to the surface. In both cases, the final product is then introduced into a cooling water bath and ultimately the cooled product is wound onto reels. In either case, the nylon material is preferably initially compounded with the pulling lubricant.

As shown in FIG. 2, small gauge THHN cable prepared, as described, with nylon as the outer layer of the sheath, and containing 0.25%, 0.50% and 0.85%, by weight, of stearyl erucamide had an average pulling force of 18.1 lbs, 16 lbs and 18.5 lbs, respectively, compared with 38.5 lbs of pulling force for THHN prepared without any jacket-incorporated pulling lubricant. Even better, THHN cable containing 0.25%, 0.50% and 0.85%, by weight, of erucamide had an average pulling force of 13.2 lbs, 10.3 lbs and 9.6 lbs, respectively. Comparably, the pulling force for a THHN cable with no internal pulling lubricant was measured at approximately 38 lbs, and THHN cable with only Y 77 applied to the exterior surface was measured at 15.3 lbs. FIG. 3, on the other hand, illustrates the results when silicone oil is used in larger cable, compared to other potential lubricants including amides, illustrating silicone oil as a much preferred pulling lubricant for this type cable.

Romex®-Type Cable

Romex® Type NM cable has four basic components: 2 or 3 insulated Type THHN-conductors, an uninsulated (bare) ground wire, a paper separator, and an outer PVC jacket. Typical THHN conductors used in Romex® are solid, not stranded, although stranded conductors may be used. In accordance with the process of the invention, the pulling lubricant, preferably oleamide, is incorporated in the outer extruded PVC sheath by any of the techniques previously described. A unique feature is that this amide-based pulling lubricant material “blooms” to the surface of the PVC jacket material over time, providing the lubrication function after time has passed. Thus, while the sheath may not be as saturated as in the case of the nylon sheath when the cable is initially manufactured, by the time the cable is ready to be installed, the pulling lubricant has come to the surface where it can provide easier installation for the user. For example, NM cable produced in accordance with the process of the present invention and incorporating 1% oleamide as the internal pulling lubricant displayed a reduction in pulling force of over 40% four days after production.

Although the aforementioned description references specific embodiments and processing techniques of the invention, it is to be understood that these are only illustrative. For example, although the description has been with respect to electrical cable, it is also applicable to other types of non-electrical cable such as, for example, fiber optic cable. Additional modifications may be made to the described embodiments and techniques without departing from the spirit and the scope of the invention as defined solely by the appended claims. 

1. In THHN electrical cable of the type comprising a conductor core and a sheath surrounding said conductor core, in which the sheath has at least its exterior portion formed of a non-metallic, polymeric material, the improvement in which a pulling lubricant is present in said exterior portion of the sheath in a concentration sufficient to be available to reduce the coefficient of friction of the exterior surface of the sheath below that of the inherent coefficient of friction of the material from which the exterior sheath portion is formed, thereby minimizing the required installation pulling force when the THHN cable is pulled along an installation surface.
 2. The improvement as defined by claim 1 in which the non-metallic, polymeric material is nylon and the pulling lubricant is erucamide.
 3. The improvement as defined by claim 1 in which the non-metallic, polymeric material is nylon and the pulling lubricant is stearyl erucamide.
 4. The improvement as defined by claim 1 in which the non-metallic, polymeric material is nylon and the pulling lubricant is silicone oil.
 5. The improvement as defined by claim 1 in which the concentration of pulling lubricant is such that when the cable is pulled along in engagement with said installation surface, the pulling lubricant is squeezed to said exterior surface by the sponge effect.
 6. In THHN electrical cable of the type comprising a conductor core and a sheath surrounding said conductor core, in which the sheath has at least its exterior portion formed of nylon, the improvement in which the pulling lubricant silicone oil, is present in said exterior portion of the sheath in a concentration of at least 9%, by weight, thereby minimizing the required installation pulling force when the THHN cable is pulled along an installation surface.
 7. In THHN electrical cable of the type comprising a conductor core and a sheath surrounding said conductor core, in which the sheath has its exterior portion formed of nylon, the improvement in which the pulling lubricant, stearyl erucamide, is present in said exterior portion of the sheath in a concentration of approximately 0.50%, by weight, thereby minimizing the required installation pulling force when the THHN cable is pulled along an installation surface.
 8. In THHN electrical cable of the type comprising a conductor core and a sheath surrounding said conductor core, in which the sheath has at least its exterior portion formed of nylon, the improvement in which a pulling lubricant, erucamide, is present in said exterior portion of the sheath in a concentration of from approximately 0.25% to 0.85%, by weight, thereby minimizing the required installation pulling force when the THHN cable is pulled along an installation surface.
 9. An improved process of manufacturing a final cable assembly of the type comprising a central energy conductor and a surrounding sheath in which the exterior surface of the sheath after completion of the manufacturing of the final cable assembly has a lower coefficient of friction than the coefficient of friction of the material from which the outer portion of the sheath is formed, said process comprising: providing first material from which at least the outer portion of the sheath is to be formed; compounding a processing lubricant with said first material; additionally mixing a pulling lubricant with said material, the pulling lubricant being of the type which is retained within the at least outer portion of the sheath after manufacture of the cable; and introducing the central energy conductor into an extruding head, whereby the mixed first material and pulling lubricant is extruded over the central conductor to form at least the outer portion of the surrounding sheath.
 10. An improved process of manufacturing an electrical cable assembly of the type comprising a conductor core and a surrounding extruded sheath of polymeric material in which the exterior surface of the sheath after completion of the manufacturing of the final electrical cable assembly has a lower coefficient of friction than the coefficient of friction of the polymeric material from which the extruded sheath is formed, said process comprising: providing the polymeric material from which the extruded sheath is to be formed; mixing a pulling lubricant with said polymeric material, the pulling lubricant being of the type which is of a concentration sufficient to permeate, and be retained within, the extruded sheath after manufacture of the cable; and introducing the conductor core into an extruding head, whereby the mixture of the polymeric material and pulling lubricant is extruded over the central conductor to form the surrounding sheath, the pulling lubricant within the sheath appearing at the exterior surface of the sheath to provide said lower coefficient of friction at the said exterior surface.
 11. An improved process of manufacturing a THHN cable assembly of the type comprising a central conductor core and a surrounding extruded sheath, in which the exterior surface of the sheath after completion of the manufacturing of the final THHN cable assembly has a lower coefficient of friction than the coefficient of friction of the material from which at least the outer portion of the extruded sheath is formed, said process comprising: providing nylon material from which the outer portion of the extruded sheath is to be formed; mixing a pulling lubricant, silicone oil, with said nylon material in a concentration of at least 9%, by weight, to be retained within the outer portion of the extruded sheath after manufacture of the cable; and introducing the central conductor core into an extruding head, whereby the mixture of the nylon material and the pulling lubricant is extruded over the central conductor core to form the surrounding outer sheath, the pulling lubricant within the sheath extending to the exterior surface of the outer portion of the sheath to provide said lower coefficient of friction at the said exterior surface. 